How High Can You Dive Into Water
Maximum - free autumn dive into water
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This prompted a question in my mind, that applies to both physics and biological science. If the water is enough deep and at that place are no obstructions between the cliff and the water, what is the maximum acme a person can make a gratis dive without incurring concrete injury?
This could be broken down into degrees. The range could include: pain, bruising, soft-tissue damage (brain harm), broken bones, death.
Hither is an http://www.reference.com/scan/wiki/Diving [Broken] outside the limit: Un unobstructed free-fall dive into deep water of 66m (217ft) is lethal.
After viewing your thoughts, I will outline some assumptions.
Answers and Replies
Feet-outset impact can be lethal due to explosive rupture of the large colon. I'll leave the details to your imagination.
This sounds like a good fourth dimension brand my kickoff assumption:
Assume the diver makes a dainty streamlined easily-first entry resulting in the least sudden energy transfer and dissipation.
Injury e'er occurs at 0 anxiety, regardless of the initial height of the dive.tin can we decide at what top injury commencement occurs?
For the physics (calculations) lets make a few assumptions:
(whether we demand them to reply the question, we shall observe out)
Let the mass of the person be 70 kg. and their top 1.7m
(figures chosen to facilitate calculation, from table in http://www.brooks.af.mil/AFRL/HED/hedr/reports/handbook/tbl-54.htm [Broken])
We might also model the human being torso is a prolate spheroid (equally described in http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/SOMSWeb.nsf/resources/freeman01/$file/BSA.pdf [Broken])
So the person's volume based on that model is: [tex] V = \frac {four \pi a^2c}{3} [/tex]
and their area [tex] A_s = 4 \pi ac [/tex]
(see concluding reference #2 for definition of variables)
Other potentially useful parameters are: kinetic energy, impact velocity (ref3 ) and impact force (ref4)
Then there was the guy who cleared Niagra Falls and lived without significant injury.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagra_FallsThe Falls driblet about 170 feet (52 chiliad), although the American Falls have a clear drop of only 70 feet (21 m) before reaching a jumble of fallen rocks which were deposited by a massive rock slide in 1954.
Tiptop: 26 m - http://world wide web.whdf.com/infos/event-regulations/calendar.htm [Cleaved]
Cliff jumping, a common pastime for daredevil(s)..., oft takes identify at heights of twenty k to thirty yard. At that place is a limit to how high one tin can leap from and survive, regardless of water depth. For instance, the Aureate Gate Bridge is 220 feet (66 m) high and overlooks water deep enough to not hit the bottom, but the issue is sure decease.
Wouldn't there be a difference between turbulent water at the bottom of a waterfall and only a calm water surface in a swimming pool? It seems similar there would be less surface tension at the bottom of a waterfall providing for a softer impact with the h2o. (I don't know if "less surface tension" would be the best style to describe it but I recollect y'all understand what I mean)Well, it has to be less than 220 ft, because that is the clearance betwixt a nearby bridge and the river its spans, and people have sustained serious injuries, in some cases fatal from that height. I have bruised myself hitting the water sideways from 20 ft.Then there was the guy who cleared Niagra Falls and lived without significant injury. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagra_Falls
Pinnacle: 26 g - http://www.whdf.com/infos/event-regulations/calendar.htm [Cleaved]
Wouldn't at that place be a departure between turbulent water at the bottom of a waterfall and merely a at-home h2o surface in a swimming pool?
Interesting thought well-nigh turbulence.. Well for the purposes of this thread permit's make the supposition: an unobstructed free-fall dive into calm deep h2o
You're not planning on diving off whatever bridges, are y'all? :uhh:
Regarding the physics, I recall we can come up with some reasonable figures for bear on forces and velocity. How that translates to caste of injury will be an interesting question. Perhaps a good place to look, is the research of 1000-forces on health in space travel; or rapid head acceleration equally experienced on roller coasters.
I'm not planning any span dives.. Perhaps a nice cliff dive would be fun.. :tongue: Actually the last time I attempted jumping from an appreciable height, I wound up with water up my nose and my swimsuit pulled off :surprised .. Needless to say I was not tempted to repeat the performance 
The master reason why they spring feet offset is considering a swoop from say 5 meters, would result is serious damage to their face.
Divers ware masks that have a nice flat surface on the front, the impact would compress the air in the mask to an extend where bruising and impairment to the eyes would exist expected.
For instance, the Golden Gate Bridge is 220 feet (66 m) loftier and overlooks water deep enough to not striking the bottom, simply the result is certain death.
This is not entirely accerate. People have jumped from this bridge and survived. I believe there have been roughly twenty attempted suicides who have jumped from the "Golden Gate", merely failed to go far at the "Pearly".
You're enjoy playing with semantics. You ought to consider becoming a computerInjury ever occurs at 0 feet, regardless of the initial pinnacle of the swoop.can we decide at what height injury first occurs?
My contribution:
Anxiety-first bear upon can be lethal due to explosive rupture of the large colon. I'll leave the details to your imagination.
So with your example, at what initial height (starting point of the dive) does the lethal condition occur from a feet-first dive?
That's interesting, then i as well did a little digging.. This references puts the figure at 26 surviving dives from Golden Gate Span. Still they also country that 98% of the dives are fatal. And then we should specify lethal dive heights within some statistical difference.This is non entirely accerate. People take jumped from this bridge and survived. I believe there have been roughly xx attempted suicides who take jumped from the "Golden Gate", but failed to arrive at the "Pearly".
Common injuries are bruises, which can occur on various parts of the body when entry is not streamlined. If the diver looks towards the water, there is likelihood of "bruising the face", not to mention water blasting upward the nose. :surprised If the diver does not hold arms extended & hands extended over the head, they may "bruise the peak of their head". If diver bends legs too much during entry, they can "bruise their thighs".
Wearing of goggles can impairment the eyes due to sudden increase in pressure inside the goggle (as Marijn Blom too alluded[/i]) Competitive defined do wear goggles but they are particularly designed for competitive swimming.
Interlocking the fingers during a dive tin can outcome in broken fingers.
If a diver is perfectly streamlined, they volition penetrate the water to a greater depth and more likely to endure astute barotrauma, due to exposure to a rapid increase in atmospheric pressure level with depth.
The type of lethal injury that Moonbear described, the brain slamming into the skull upon abrupt deceleration, resulting in tearing cerebellum and brain stem as the encephalon shifts forward; sounds quite plausible. Where expiry has occurred from boxing (prize fights), I've heard this same type of injury described as the crusade of decease mechanism.
This references puts the figure at 26 surviving dives from Gilt Gate Bridge. All the same they besides country that 98% of the dives are fatal. And then nosotros should specify lethal dive heights inside some statistical deviation.
This is statistic is very biased though. I have also read this, and the data claimed that 26 out of approx. 1200 jumpers survived, but those 1,200 jumpers were jumping with the intent of dying upon touch on, and so I doubt they hit the h2o in a position that would help them survive the touch on, i.eastward., as a vertical line or in a swoop.
Also, BMI is a variable to take into business relationship. I would look men to accept a greater chance of surviving due to a more streamlined body, and also the outfit would need to be taken into business relationship, as virtually of the jumpers in san francisco would be wearing several layers due to the cold weather.
If I were to guesstimate the chance of surviving this fall while trying to survive, is much higher. With proper attire, I believe a physically fit male would probably exist able to increment his chances by at least 5x, if not more than. I nonetheless don't requite them a great take chances, but its better than a measly 2% take a chance of survival.
While this is purely speculation, as I have not done whatever proper calculations, I would hope that this post at least helps someone else come to a more scientific decision on the matter.
Notation in that location is not a mark on him and so clearly you can survive a good bargain college than this.
My crude extimate of his entry speed is nigh seventy mph. (bold no air restance).
Obviously freefall velocity is virtually 135mph but information technology is a variable depending on the body shape yous adopt.
A freefall would at 135 would 3-4 times that impact of the dive shown.
My suggestion would exist that the organs and the encephalon would take the well-nigh impairment equally they continue to move downwards due to sudden massive decelleration of the torso when impact occurs.
Internal damage probably occurs long before any muscle injury or "bruising" and would greatly cut the distance required to sustain harm.
Would the meridian at which you sustain damage from when hitting for instance pavement be similar to the acme when hitting water? At what speed does h2o turn into stone?
What is the maximum meridian a person can make a complimentary dive without incurring physical injury?
I believe the height is unlimited, last velocity can be reached and with a perfect feet first entry keep in mind y'all would want to transition from a apartment body position 120 mph to vertical at the last possible moment to minimize acceleration which volition occur.
But the nearly of import cistron here is surface tension of the water, assuming water is your choice of liquid, Diethyl ether would be a better option when it comes to surface tension but I presume that would not be feasible.
With the proper temperature the hotter the h2o the less surface tension, aeration of the water to further reduce tension, and the use of Surfactants (wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid) example: soap.
Ane matter I take not explored is mentioned in a previous mail service "acute barotrauma" not sure virtually this one and as well not sure of the depth one would travel and would have to get back to the surface. You are jump to travel further because of the reduced surface tension.
If yous guys tin can help me figure all of this out, I'm willing to take on the challenge of pulling this off from say ten,000 feet. This should sufficiently intermission the electric current tape of 172 feet.
I think something that can allow u.s. to gauge the answer a little improve is if we determined terminal velocity of a falling human.
At what distance does a 150lb man accept to fall to attain terminal velocity?
I mean people vary, and in club to solve this we would need numbers, such to turn it into a word trouble.
The max height would vary from person to person. A larger man would definitely sufffer from a greater impact since his surface expanse is greater and that he has more mass meaning the force pulling him downward would be greater, acceleration equaling gravity so mass would exist the only factor in this case.
Now every bit Ouabache put information technology, lets assume the water is at-home, meaning the surface tension would be greater.
We could endeavor to visualize this using airheaded puddy.
The Larger human hitting the water would accept about the same affect as a ball of silly puddy hit the wall. Whereas a thinner human would exist similar a pencil, penetrating it easier. And of course age matters as well, even if a 10 year old boy is smaller and lighter at that place is a greater chance that he will endure bone fractures.
Information technology would besides brand a difference if the person was doing it head beginning or feet first where head first as Moonbear pointed out would be more than susceptible to head and spine injury, this is why when the Navy(Marines? IDK) practise sea rescues they always dive anxiety first since our legs are usually stronger than our upper body and could take the impact, and if worse comes to worse the person would only be paralyze waist down and not neck down.
I'chiliad pretty carefull. I ever go feet showtime (of grade) and accept always instinctively raised my arms directly over my head merely before entry. My feeling is that if I were to enter the water at twice my current speed (which I reckon would be close to a skydiver'due south speed), I would be fine. Information technology is all about "slipping in" similar an arrow. There are plenty of sea birds that enter the water at admittedly astonishing speeds, but considering they streamline themselves so well, it does them no harm.
In my stance, if you do it right, you lot can spring from virtually whatever superlative and country in water safely.
That'due south interesting, and then i also did a little earthworks.. This references puts the figure at 26 surviving dives from Golden Gate Bridge. Withal they also state that 98% of the dives are fatal. So nosotros should specify lethal swoop heights within some statistical deviation.
Your source is overlooking that many (I would say 100% of them only thats just me) people who die from jumping off bridges die from Hypothermia and drowning.
With the Golden Gate Bridge information technology's more a affair of being able to save the jumpers who've landed in water and are and so paddling around in the water shocked and dislocated and freezing in the nick of fourth dimension before they drown. Those ones that get picked upwards probably survive just this isnt about surviving the impact so much as not drowning in the water. It's very cold in the bay and I dubiousness the response time is that fast either. This is what I think the jumpers don't sympathise.. they are drowning themselves and they might end up treading h2o until they freeze to death and become exhausted and drown. that is not an easy or fast manner to go. Even though a suicidal person would seem to requite up many exercise fight for their lives after landing in h2o from a high drop.
My friend's roomate was seen dog paddling and attempting to swim and trying to survive for many minutes after he jumped and he eventually drown earlier a rescue boat could arrive. He leapt from some tall bridge in florida obviously. That scenario is common from suicide by bridge.
I am a physicist, sort of, and I tin can tell you that your intuition is a little scrap off, but non drastically. In freefall (no air resistance), your speed at affect from whatsoever height h would be the square root of h*g, where g is the acceleration of gravity nearly Earth'southward surface. In metric, that's 9.8 k/s2, and so from forty 1000, you'd be striking at 28 one thousand/s, which is almost exactly half of a typical skydiver's concluding velocity of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_velocity#Examples" or (insert unit of measurement conversions) 54 one thousand/s. However, from xl chiliad, yous're going to encounter significant air resistance on the manner down, and so your bodily velocity on impact was somewhat less than one-half terminal velocity. When it'south not and so belatedly, I'll make a more exact calculation of your impact velocity that takes air resistance into account.I'g not a physicist or a biologist, but I have jumped from xl+ metres on many occassions. My opinion is that when I hit the water (always the body of water) I'm at around half the speed of "terminal velocity".
That's very encouraging.I have done this barefooted, wearing diving booties, and besides wearing steel capped work boots. Barefooted was OK. 1 fourth dimension the booties (they were very old) divide and ran upwards my leg, and the construction boots were untouched.
I'm pretty carefull. I always go anxiety first (of course) and have always instinctively raised my arms straight over my head just before entry. My feeling is that if I were to enter the h2o at twice my current speed (which I reckon would be close to a skydiver's speed), I would be fine...
That's my conjecture too (with the caveat that "doing it correct" may involve a semi-rigid full-body suit), but I'm nowhere near convinced yet. Skydivers achieve concluding velocity after about 150 m, but that'due south in belly-down orientation (maximizing the force of the air). As tokyosteve points out, to enter the h2o safely, you'd want to enter anxiety-showtime (minimizing the force of the water), so you'd need a couple seconds to transition; at 54 one thousand/s, you lot cover another 100+ 1000 in that time. So if someone does it from 300 chiliad, I'll be convinced it tin can be washed from any height.In my opinion, if you do information technology right, you can jump from about any acme and land in water safely.
In my stance, if you practise information technology correct, you can jump from near any top and country in h2o safely.
I presume by "practice it right" you mean - "with equipment that takes the touch so your trunk doesn't"?
There is going to be a maximum velocity at which you could strike water before it'due south furnishings go akin to 'slapping custard'. Whether or not that speed is greater or less than last velocity is another effect and something I'd call back would be unique to each person.
Every bit for the animal tests--you might get a worst-case pic, but nosotros already know what that is from people jumping from much lower heights. If you do it wrong, you die, from some sort of rupture or the subsequent bleeding. Nosotros're looking instead for the best case--is it possible to NOT die (or be seriously injured) entering the water at terminal velocity?
Or, the way it was originally posed: what is the maximum tiptop one can fall into water from without serious injury or expiry? But if you lot can survive a terminal velocity entry, and so there'southward no upper limit.
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How High Can You Dive Into Water,
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